Pregnancy Diagnosis Methods in Sheep and the Functions of miRNAs in Regulating the Pregnancy Process

Abstract

In the context of sheep breeding in Turkey, pregnancy diagnosis methods and the functions of microRNAs (miRNAs) that play a role in the regulation of the pregnancy process hold significant importance. Sheep breeding occupies an important place in Turkey's livestock sector, and early pregnancy diagnosis is crucial for increasing livestock productivity. In this context, it is necessary to have knowledge about pregnancy physiology, processes such as maternal recognition of pregnancy, implantation, and placentation, as well as the hormonal regulations involved in these processes. Various methods are used for pregnancy diagnosis in sheep, including ultrasonography, immunological tests, endocrinological examinations, and cervical mucus tests. These methods need to be practical, economical, and reliable in the field. Another method for pregnancy diagnosis involves miRNAs. miRNAs are key molecules that regulate gene expression during pregnancy and are used as potential biomarkers for early pregnancy diagnosis. These RNA molecules play critical roles in processes such as embryo implantation, placental development, and fetal growth. This review aims to contribute to increasing reproductive efficiency in livestock by focusing on pregnancy diagnosis in sheep and the roles of miRNAs in the pregnancy process.