The Dichotomy of Chromium as Essential Micronutrient Versus Toxic Substance A Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17977819Keywords:
Chromium, Essential Micronutrient, Insulin, ToxicityAbstract
Chromium functions as a cofactor for insulin, thereby influencing the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. Chromium deficiency has been associated with various clinical conditions, including glucose intolerance, elevated circulating insulin levels, glycosuria, growth disorders and hypoglycaemia. Among the two most prevalent oxidative states of chromium, trivalent chromium (Cr3+) is considered beneficial, whereas hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) is recognized for its toxicity, including carcinogenic effects. Several vegetables, such as broccoli, and fruits, such as grapes, naturally contain high levels of chromium; however, chromium supplements are increasingly popular, primarily due to their purported role in weight loss. Excessive intake of chromium may result in anaemia, thrombocytopenia, liver diseases and renal failure. The toxicity of chromium can potentially be mitigated by certain compounds, such as N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and herbal remedies, such as Moringa oleifera leaf extracts. The role of chromium in biological systems remains incompletely understood, necessitating further research.
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